Augustine (Aurelius Augustinus) was born in the northern African city of Tagaste (now in Algeria) in 354. He was signed with the cross by his pious and virtuous Christian mother and enrolled as a catachumen. Aa a child he was so apt in learning that in a short time he far surpassed in knowledge all those of his own age. After recovering from a serious illness he deferred being baptised into the faith. He moved to Carthage to study there, took a mistress who bore him a son and embraced Manichaeism, a Persian gnostic religion which Pope Saint Leo I (Leo the Great) described as “a general compound of all errors and ungodlinesses.” Manichaeism spread quickly and widely in the fourth century.
His studies completed, he returned to Tagaste to teach grammar but soon afterwards went back to Carthage to teach rhetoric. After writing a work on aesthetics he began to doubt and repudiate Manichaeism which claimed that the Christian scriptures had been falsified. Augustine failed to find in it the science of the laws of nature which he he had sought. In 383 he secretly travelled to Rome and set up a school of rhetoric but gave up the venture when his students defrauded him of his tuition fees. Attracted by a vacant teaching position in Milan, he moved there and came under the influence of Ambrose, Bishop of Milan. Monica, having followed Augustine to Rome, joined him in Milan and continued to pray earnestly for his conversion. On the eve of Easter in 387, Augustine was baptised by Ambrose in the Cathedral of Milan. It was on this occasion, so it is said, that the solemn hymn Te Deum was composed and chanted for the first time.
Later that year Augustine returned to Rome with his mother Saint Monica and was preparing to leave for Africa when she took ill and died in Ostia. On his return to Africa he lived in solitude for three years, and was then consecrated Bishop of Hippo. He was always most humble and most temperate. His clothing and his bed were of the simplest kind. He kept a frugal table, which was always seasoned by reading or holy conversation. Such was his loving kindness to the poor that when he had no other resource he broke up the sacred vessels for their relief. He avoided all intercourse and conversation with women, even with his sister and his niece, for he used to say that though such near relations could not give rise to any suspicion, yet might the women who came to visit them.
Never did he omit to preach the word of God except when seriously ill. He pursued heretics unremittingly both in public disputations and in his writings, never allowing them to take a foothold anywhere. By these means he freed Africa entirely from the Manichees, Donatists and other heretics. His numerous works were full of piety, deep wisdom and eloquence, and throw the greatest light on Christian doctrine so that he is the great master and guide of all those who later on reduced theological teaching to method. While the Vandals were devastating Africa, and Hippo had been besieged by them for three months, Augustine was seized with a fever. When he realised that his death was near, he had the Penitential Psalms of David placed before him and used to read them with abundant tears. He was accustomed to say that no one, even though not conscious to himself of any sin, ought to be presumptuous enough to die without repentance. He was in full possession of his faculties and intent on prayer until the end. Augustine died in 430 AD at the age of 76. For writing his Confessions, City of God and other great theological works he was proclaimed a Doctor of the Church by Pope Boniface VIII in 1298. Saint Augustine is the patron of theologians.
Dom Prosper Guéranger:
At Rome, the birthday of St. Hermes, an illustrious man, who, as we read in the Acts of the blessed Pope Alexander, was first confined in prison, and afterwards ended his martyrdom by the sword under the judge Aurelian.
At Brioude in Auvergne, St. Julian, martyr, during the persecution of Diocletian. Being the companion of the blessed tribune Ferreol, and secretly serving Christ under a military garb, he was arrested by the soldiers and killed in a barbarous manner by having his throat cut.
At Coutances in France, St. Pelagius, martyr, who received the crown of martyrdom under the emperor Numerian and the judge Evilasius.
At Salerno, the holy martyrs Fortunatus, Caius, and Anthes, beheaded under the emperor Diocletian and the proconsul Leontius.
At Constantinople, the holy bishop Alexander, an aged and celebrated man, through whose efficacious prayers Arius, by the judgement of God, burst asunder and exposed his intestines.
At Saintes, St. Vivian, bishop and confessor.
Also St. Moses, an Ethiopian, who gave up a life of robbery and became a renowned anchoret. He converted many robbers and led them to a monastery.
And in other places, many other holy martyrs, confessors and virgins.
His studies completed, he returned to Tagaste to teach grammar but soon afterwards went back to Carthage to teach rhetoric. After writing a work on aesthetics he began to doubt and repudiate Manichaeism which claimed that the Christian scriptures had been falsified. Augustine failed to find in it the science of the laws of nature which he he had sought. In 383 he secretly travelled to Rome and set up a school of rhetoric but gave up the venture when his students defrauded him of his tuition fees. Attracted by a vacant teaching position in Milan, he moved there and came under the influence of Ambrose, Bishop of Milan. Monica, having followed Augustine to Rome, joined him in Milan and continued to pray earnestly for his conversion. On the eve of Easter in 387, Augustine was baptised by Ambrose in the Cathedral of Milan. It was on this occasion, so it is said, that the solemn hymn Te Deum was composed and chanted for the first time.
Later that year Augustine returned to Rome with his mother Saint Monica and was preparing to leave for Africa when she took ill and died in Ostia. On his return to Africa he lived in solitude for three years, and was then consecrated Bishop of Hippo. He was always most humble and most temperate. His clothing and his bed were of the simplest kind. He kept a frugal table, which was always seasoned by reading or holy conversation. Such was his loving kindness to the poor that when he had no other resource he broke up the sacred vessels for their relief. He avoided all intercourse and conversation with women, even with his sister and his niece, for he used to say that though such near relations could not give rise to any suspicion, yet might the women who came to visit them.
Never did he omit to preach the word of God except when seriously ill. He pursued heretics unremittingly both in public disputations and in his writings, never allowing them to take a foothold anywhere. By these means he freed Africa entirely from the Manichees, Donatists and other heretics. His numerous works were full of piety, deep wisdom and eloquence, and throw the greatest light on Christian doctrine so that he is the great master and guide of all those who later on reduced theological teaching to method. While the Vandals were devastating Africa, and Hippo had been besieged by them for three months, Augustine was seized with a fever. When he realised that his death was near, he had the Penitential Psalms of David placed before him and used to read them with abundant tears. He was accustomed to say that no one, even though not conscious to himself of any sin, ought to be presumptuous enough to die without repentance. He was in full possession of his faculties and intent on prayer until the end. Augustine died in 430 AD at the age of 76. For writing his Confessions, City of God and other great theological works he was proclaimed a Doctor of the Church by Pope Boniface VIII in 1298. Saint Augustine is the patron of theologians.
Dom Prosper Guéranger:
Today Augustine, the greatest and the humblest of the Doctors is hailed by Heaven where his conversion caused greater joy than that of any other sinner, and is celebrated by the Church who is enlightened by his writings as to the power, the value, and the gratuitousness of divine grace.
Since that wonderful, heavenly conversation at Ostia, God had completed His triumph in the son of Monica’s tears and of Ambrose’s holiness. Far away from the great cities where pleasure had seduced him, the former rhetorician now cared only to nourish his soul with the simplicity of the Scriptures, in silence and solitude. But grace, after breaking the double chain that bound his mind and his heart, was to have a still greater dominion over him. The pontifical consecration was to consummate Augustine’s union with that divine Wisdom whom alone he declared he loved “for her own sole sake, caring neither for rest nor life save on her account.” From this height to which the divine mercy had raised him, let us hear him pouring out his heart: “Too late have I loved you, O beauty so ancient and yet so new! Too late have I loved you! And behold you were within me, and I, having wandered out of myself, sought you everywhere without... I questioned the Earth and she answered me: ‘I am not the one you seek,’ and all the creatures of earth made the same reply. I questioned the sea and its abysses and all the living things in it, and they answered: ‘We are not your God. Seek above us.’ I questioned the restless winds, and all the air with its inhabitants replied: ‘Anaximenes is mistaken, I am not God.’ I questioned the sky, the sun, the moon, the stars, and they said: ‘We are not the God whom you seek.’ And I said to all these things that stand without at the gates of my senses: ‘You have all confessed concerning my God that you are not He, tell me now something about Him.’ And they all cried with one great voice: ‘It is He that made us.’ I questioned them with my desires, and they answered by their beauty. Let the air and the waters and the earth be silent! Let man keep silence in his own soul! Let him pass beyond his own thought, for beyond all language of men or of Angels, He, of whom creatures speak, makes Himself heard; where signs and images and figurative visions cease, there Eternal Wisdom reveals herself. You called and cried so loud that my deaf ears could hear you. You shone didst shine so brightly that my blind eyes could see you. Your fragrance exhilarated me and it is after you that I aspire. Having tasted you I hunger and thirst. You touched me and thrilled me and I burn to be in your peaceful rest. When I will be united to you with my whole being, then will my sorrows and labours cease.”
To the end of his life Augustine never ceased to fight for the truth against all the heresies then invented by the father of lies. In his ever repeated victories, we know not which to admire most: his knowledge of the Holy Scriptures, his powerful logic, or his eloquence. We see too that divine charity which, while inflexibly upholding every iota of God’s rights, is full of ineffable compassion for the unhappy beings who do not understand those rights. “Let those be hard on you who do not know "what labour it is to reach the truth and turn away from error. Let those be hard on you who know not how rare a thing it is, and how much it costs, to overcome the false images of the senses and to dwell in peace of soul. Let those be hard on you who know not with what difficulty man’s mental eye is healed so as to be able to gaze on the Sun of justice, who know not through what sighs and groans one attains to some little knowledge of God. Let those finally, be hard on you who have never known seduction like that by which you are deceived... As for me, who have been tossed about by the vain imaginations of which my mind was in search, and who have shared your misery and so long deplored it, I could not by any means be harsh to you.”
These touching words were addressed to the disciples of Manes who were hemmed in on all sides even by the laws of the pagan emperors. How fearful is the misery of our fallen race when the darkness of Hell can overpower the loftiest intellects! Augustine, the formidable opponent of heresy, was for nine years previously the convinced disciple and ardent apostle of Manicheism. This heresy was a strange variety of Gnostic dualism which to explain the existence of evil made a god of evil itself, and which owed its prolonged influence to the pleasure taken in it by Satan’s pride.
Augustine sustained also a prolonged though more local struggle against the Donatists whose teaching was based on a principle as false as the fact from which it professed to originate. This fact, which on the petitions presented by the Donatists themselves was juridically proved to be false, was that Caecilianus, primate of Africa in 311, had received episcopal consecration from a traditor, i. e. one who had delivered up the sacred Books in time of persecution. No one, argued the Donatiete, could communicate with a sinner without himself ceasing to form part of the Book of Christ. Therefore, the bishops of the rest of the world had continued to communicate with Caecilianus and his successors, the Donatists alone were now the Church. This groundless schism was established among most of the inhabitants of Roman Africa, with its four hundred and ten bishops, and its troops of Circumcellions ever ready to commit murder and violence on the Catholics on the roads or in isolated houses. The greater part of our Saint’s time was occupied in trying to bring back these lost sheep. We must not imagine him studying at his ease in the peace of a quiet episcopal city chosen as if for the purpose by Providence, and there writing those precious works whose fruits the whole world has enjoyed even to our days. There is no fecundity on Earth without sufferings and trials, known sometimes to men, sometimes to God alone. When the writings of the Saints awaken in us pious thoughts and generous resolutions, we must not be satisfied, as we might in the case of profane books, with admiring the genius of the authors, but think with gratitude of the price they paid for the supernatural good produced in our souls. Before Augustine’s arrival in Hippo, the Donatists were so great a majority of the population that, as he himself informs us, they could even forbid anyone to bake bread for Catholics.
When the saint died, things were very different. But the pastor who had made it his first duty to save, even in spite of themselves, the souls confided to him, had been obliged to spend his days and nights in this great work, and had more than once run the risk of martyrdom. The leaders of the schismatics, fearing the force of his reasoning even more than his eloquence, refused all intercourse with him. They declared that to put Augustine to death would be a praiseworthy action which would merit for the perpetrator the remission of his sins.
“Pray for us,” he said at the beginning of his episcopate, “pray for us who live in so precarious a state, as it were between the teeth of furious wolves. These wandering sheep, obstinate sheep, are offended because we run after them, as if their wandering made them cease to be ours. ‘Why do you call us?’ they say. ‘Why do you pursue us?’ But the very reason of our cries and our anguish is that they are running to their ruin. ‘If I am lost, if I die, what is it to you? And what do you want with me?’ ‘What I want is to call you back from your wandering. What I desire is to snatch you from death.’ ‘But what if I will to wander? What if I will to be lost?’ ‘You will to wander? You will to be lost? How much more earnestly do I wish it not!’ Yes, I dare to say it, I am importunate, for I hear the Apostle saying: ‘Preach the word: be instant in season, out of season (2 Timothy iv. 2). In season, when they are willing, out of season, when they are unwilling.’ Yes then, I am importunate: ‘you will to perish, I will it not. And He wills it not, who threatened the shepherds saying: That which was driven away you not brought again, neither have got sought that which was lost (Ezechiel xxxiv. 4). Am I to fear you more than Him? I fear you not. The tribunal of Donatus cannot take the place of Christ‘s judgement seat, before which we must all appear. Whether you will it or not, I will call back the wandering sheep, I will seek the lost sheep. The thorns may tear me, but however narrow the opening may be, it will not check my pursuit. I will beat every bush, as long as the Lord gives me strength: so only I can get to you wherever you strive to perish.”
Driven into their last trenches by such unconquerable charity, the Donatists replied by massacring clerics and faithful, since they could not touch Augustine himself. The bishop implored the imperial judges not to inflict mutilation or death on the murderers lest the triumph of the martyrs should be sullied by such a vengeance. Such mildness was certainly worthy of the Church, but it was destined to be one day brought forward against her in contrast to certain other facts of her history, by a school of liberalism that can grant rights and even pre-eminence to error. Augustine acknowledges his first idea to have been that constraint should not be used to bring any one into the unity of Christ. He believed that preaching and free discussion should be the only arms employed for the conversion of heretics. But on the consideration of what was taking place before his eyes, the very logic of his charity brought him over to the opinion of his more ancient colleagues in the episcopate.
“Who,” he says, “could love us more than God does? Nevertheless God makes use of fear in order to save us, although he teaches us with sweetness. When the Father of the family wanted guests for his banquet, did he not send his servants to the highways and hedges, to compel all they met to come in? This banquet is the unity of Christ‘s Body. If, then, the divine goodness has willed that, at the fitting time, the faith of Christian kings should recognise this power of the Church, let the heretics brought back from the by-ways, and schismatics forced into their enclosures, consider not the constraint they suffer, but the banquet of the Lord to which they would not otherwise have attained. Does not the shepherd sometimes use threats and sometimes blows to win back to the master’s fold the sheep that have been enticed out of it? Severity that springs from love is preferable to deceitful gentleness. He who binds the delirious man, and wakes up the sleeper from his lethargy, molests them both, but for their good. If a house were on the point of falling, and our cries could not induce those within to come out, would it not be cruelty not to save them by force in spite of themselves? and that, even if we could snatch only one, from death, because the rest, seeing it, obstinately hastened their own destruction: as the Donatists do, who in their madness commit suicide to obtain the crown of martyrdom. No one can become good in spite of himself. Nevertheless, the rigorous laws of which they complain bring deliverance not only to individuals, but to whole cities, by freeing them from the bonds of untruth and causing them to see the truth, which the violence or the deceits of the schismatics had hidden from their eyes. Far from complaining, their gratitude is now boundless and their joy complete. Their feasts and their chants are unceasing.”
Meanwhile the justice of Heaven was falling on the queen of nations. Rome, after the triumph of the Cross, had not profited of God’s merciful delay. Now she was expiating under the hand of Alaric the blood of the Saints which she had shed before her idols. “Go out from her my people” (Apocalypse xviii. 4). At this signal the city was evacuated. The roads were all lined with barbarians, and happy was the fugitive who could succeed in reaching the sea, there to entrust to the frailest skiff the honour of his family and the remains of his fortune. Like a bright beacon shining through the storms, Augustine, by his reputation, attracted to the African coast the best of the unfortunates. His varied correspondenoe shows us the new links then formed by God, between the Bishop of Hippo and so many noble exiles. At one time he would send, as far as Nola in Campania, charming messages, mingled with learned questions and luminous answers, to greet his “dear lords and venerable brethren, Paulinus and Therasia, his fellow disciples in the school of our Lord Jesus.” Again it was to Carthage or even nearer home, that his letters were directed, to console, instruct and fortify Albina, Melania and Pinianus, but especially Proba and Juliana, the illustrious grandmother and mother of a still more illustrious daughter, the virgin Demetrias, the greatest in the Roman world for nobility and wealth, and Augustine’s dear conquest to the heavenly Spouse. “Oh! who,” he wrote on hearing of her consecration to our Lord, “who could worthily express the glory added this day to the family of the Anicii. For years it has ennobled the world by the consuls its sons, but now it gives virgins to Christ! Let others imitate Demetrias. Whoever ambitions the glory of this illustrious family, let him take holiness for his portion!” Augustine’s desire was magnificently realised, when, less than a century later, the gens Anicii gave to the world Scholastica and Benedict who were to lead into intimate familiarity and union with God so many souls eager for true nobility.
When Rome fell, the shook was felt throughout the provinces and even beyond. Augustine tells us how he, a descendant of the ancient Numidians, groaned and wept in his almost inconsolable grief. So great, even in her decadence, was the universal esteem and love for the queen city through the secret action of him who was holding out to her new and higher destinies. Meanwhile the terrible crisis furnished the occasion for Augustine’s most important writings.
The City of God was an answer to the still numerous partisans of idolatry who attributed the misfortunes of the empire to the suppression of the false gods. In this great work he refutes, in the most complete and masterly way, the theology and also the philosophy of Roman and Grecian paganism. He then proceeds to set forth the origin, the history and the end of the two cities, the earthly and the heavenly, which divide the world between them, and which are founded upon “two opposite loves: the love of self even to the despising of God, and the love of God even to the despising of self.” But Augustine’s greatest triumph was that which earned for him the title of the Doctor of grace. His favourite prayer: Da quod jubes, et jube quod vis, (Lord give me grace to do what you command, and command what you will) toffended the pride of a certain British monk whom the events of the year 410 had led into Africa. This was Pelagius who taught that nature, all-powerful for good, was quite capable of working out salvation, and that Adam’s sin injured himself alone, and was not passed down to his posterity. We can well understand Augustine who owed so much to the Divine mercy, feeling so strong an aversion for a system whose authors seemed to say to God: “You made us men, but it is we that justify ourselves.”
In this new campaign no injuries were spared to the former convert, but they were his joy and his hope. He had already said, with regard to similar arguments adduced by other adversaries: “Catholics, my beloved brethren, one flock of the one Shepherd, I care not how the enemy may insult the watch-dog of the fold. It is not for my own defence, but for yours, that I must bark. Yet I must needs tell this enemy that, as to my former wanderings and errors, I condemn them, as everyone else does. I can but see therein the glory of Him who has delivered me from myself. When I hear my former life brought forward, no matter with what intention it is done, I am not so ungrateful as to be afflicted thereat, for the more they show up my misery, the more I praise my physician.” While he made so little account of himself, his reputation was spreading throughout the world by reason of the victory he had won for grace. “Honour to you,” wrote the aged Saint Jerome from Bethlehem. “Honour to the man whom the raging winds have not been able to overthrow... Continue to be of good courage. The whole world celebrates your praises. The Catholics venerate and admire you as the restorer of the ancient faith. But, what is a mark of still greater glory, all the heretics hate you. They honour me too, with their hatred. Not being able to strike us with the sword, they kill us in desire.”
These lines reveal the intrepid combatant with whom we will make acquaintance in September, and who, soon after writing them, was laid to rest in the sacred cave near which he had taken refuge. Augustine had yet some years to continue the good fight, to complete the exposition of Catholic in contradiction to some even holy persons who were inclined to think that at least the beginning of salvation, the desire of faith, did not require the special assistance of God. This was semi-pelagianism. A century later (629) the second Council of Orange, approved by Rome and hailed by the whole Church, closed the struggle, taking its definitions from the writings of the bishop of Hippo. Augustine himself, however, thus concluded his last work: “Let those who read these things give thanks to God, if they understand them. If not, let them pray to the teacher of our souls, to Him whose shining produces knowledge and understanding. Do they think that I err? Let them reflect again and again, lest perhaps they themselves be mistaken. As for me, when the readers of my works instruct and correct me, I see therein the goodness of God. Yes, I ask it as a favour, especially of the learned ones in the Church, if by chance this book should fall into their hands, and they deign to take notice of what I write.”
But let us return to the privileged people of Hippo, won over by Augustine’s devotedness, even more than by his admirable discourses. His door was open to every comer, and he was ever ready to listen to the requests, the sorrows and the disputes of his children. Sometimes, at the instance of other churches, and even of councils, requiring of Augustine a more active pursuit of works of general interest, an agreement was made between the flock and the pastor that on certain days of the week no one should interrupt him. But the convention could not last long. Whoever wished could claim the attention of this loving and humble shepherd, beside whom the little ones especially knew well that they would never meet with a refusal. As an instance of this we may mention the fortunate child who, wishing to correspond with the bishop but not daring to take the initiative, received from him the touching letter which may be seen in his works.
Besides all his other glories, our saint was the institutor of monastic life in Roman Africa, by the monasteries he founded, and in which he lived before he became bishop. He was a legislator by his letter to the virgins of Hippo, which became the Rule on which so many servants and handmaids of our Lord have formed their religious life. Lastly, together with the clerics of his church who lived with him a common life of absolute poverty, he was the example and the head of the great family of Regular Canons.
WHAT a death was yours, O Augustine, receiving on your humble couch nothing but news of disaster and ruin! Your Africa was perishing at the hands of the barbarians, in punishment of those nameless crimes of the ancient world in which she had so large a share. Together with Genseric, Arius triumphed over that land, which nevertheless, thanks to you, was to produce, for yet a hundred years, admirable martyrs for the Consubstantiality of the Word. When Belisarius restored her to the Roman world, God seemed to be offering her, for the martyrs’ sake, an opportunity of returning to her former prosperity. But the inexperienced Byzantines, pre-occupied with their theological quarrels and political intrigues, knew not how to raise her up, nor to protect her against an invasion more terrible than the first, and the torrent of Mussulman infidelity soon swept all before it. At length, after twelve centuries, the Cross appeared in those places where the very names of so many flourishing churches had perished.
During all that long night which overhung your native land, your influence did not cease Throughout the entire world your immortal works were enlightening the minds of men and arousing their love. In the basilicas served by your sons and imitators, the splendour of divine worship, the pomp of the ceremonies, the perfection of sacred melodies, kept up in the hearts of the people the same supernatural enthusiasm which took possession of your own, when, for the first time in our West, Saint Ambrose instituted the alternate chanting of the Psalms and sacred Hymns. Throughout all ages the perfect life, in its many different ways of exercising the double precept of charity, draws from the waters of your fountains. Continue to illumine the Church with your incomparable light. Bless the numerous religious families which claim your illustrious patronage. Assist us all, by obtaining for us the spirit of love and of penance, of confidence and of humility, which befits the redeemed soul. Give us to know the weakness of our nature and its unworthiness since the Fall, and at the same time the boundless goodness of our God, the superabundance of His Redemption, the all-powerfulness of his grace. May we all, like you, not only recognise the truth, but be able loyally and practically to say to God: “You have made us for yourself, and our heart is ill at ease till it rests in you.”
According to the most ancient monuments of the Roman Church, another Saint has always been honoured on this same day, viz: Hermes, a Roman magistrate, who bore witness to Christ under Trajan. The crypt constructed, less than half a century after the death of the Apostles, to receive this martyr’s relice, is remarkable for its majestic and ample proportions not usually found in the subterranean cemeteries. It was his sister Theodora, who received from Balbina, daughter of the tribune Quirinus, the venerable chains of Saint Peter.Also on this day according to the ROMAN MARTYROLOGY:
At Rome, the birthday of St. Hermes, an illustrious man, who, as we read in the Acts of the blessed Pope Alexander, was first confined in prison, and afterwards ended his martyrdom by the sword under the judge Aurelian.
At Brioude in Auvergne, St. Julian, martyr, during the persecution of Diocletian. Being the companion of the blessed tribune Ferreol, and secretly serving Christ under a military garb, he was arrested by the soldiers and killed in a barbarous manner by having his throat cut.
At Coutances in France, St. Pelagius, martyr, who received the crown of martyrdom under the emperor Numerian and the judge Evilasius.
At Salerno, the holy martyrs Fortunatus, Caius, and Anthes, beheaded under the emperor Diocletian and the proconsul Leontius.
At Constantinople, the holy bishop Alexander, an aged and celebrated man, through whose efficacious prayers Arius, by the judgement of God, burst asunder and exposed his intestines.
At Saintes, St. Vivian, bishop and confessor.
Also St. Moses, an Ethiopian, who gave up a life of robbery and became a renowned anchoret. He converted many robbers and led them to a monastery.
And in other places, many other holy martyrs, confessors and virgins.
Thanks be to God.
